Case Report
Ultra-Brief Pulse Right Unilateral ECT Combined with Lorazepam to Sustain Catatonia Remission as a Continuation Treatment: A Case Report
Dana Wang1* and Arkadiy Stolyar2
1Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts, USA
2Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Mclean Hospital, Massachusetts, USA
*Corresponding author: Dana Wang, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, Massachusetts-02301, USA
Published: 04 Apr, 2017
Cite this article as: Wang D, Stolyar A. Ultra-Brief Pulse
Right Unilateral ECT Combined with
Lorazepam to Sustain Catatonia
Remission as a Continuation Treatment:
A Case Report. Ann Clin Case Rep.
2017; 2: 1321.
Abstract
Objective and Background: Catatonia can be a recurrent psychiatric condition that has severe
complications especially in the elderly population; however, options to prevent recurrence are
limited.
Case Report: A 62 year old woman with a history of bipolar depression and catatonia relapsed
after becoming non adherent with outpatient ECT follow up, despite the continued daily use of
lorazepam and other psychotropic medications. Cessation of ECT maintenance resulted in catatonic
recurrence secondary to bipolar depression within 1 month.
The patient was subsequently rehospitalized and treated with ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT acutely,
then tapered eventually to monthly as maintenance treatment. She has successfully remained in
remission more than 6 months after discharge.
Conclusion: Ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT is effective to prevent catatonia relapse and as a long-term
maintenance treatment. It did not cause any apparent cognitive impairment in this elderly patient.
Ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT can be considered as an acute and maintenance treatment option for
catatonia in addition to lorazepam.
Keywords: Catatonia; Bipolar depression; Ultra-brief pulse; Right unilateral;Electroconvulsive therapy; Continuation treatment
Introduction
Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by 3 or more of the following 12
psychomotor symptoms: stupor, cataplexy, waxy flexibility, mutism, negativism, posturing,
mannerism, stereotype, agitation, grimacing, echolalia, or echopraxia; it can be commonly associated
with affective and thought disorders, or with other medical conditions [1,2]. Incidences have been
reported in a wide range of age groups [3] and particularly in the geriatric population, underrecognition
of catatonia can lead to severe complications such as muscle damage, dehydration,
thrombi-embolic events, decubitus ulcer, and death [4,5]. Current treatment options include
benzodiazepines as first line. Lorazepam is the most frequently used due to its rapid onset. In
reported case series and open trials, lorazepam, given parentally or orally, has a response rate of 60–
80% within hours to days [4]. If catatonia persists, second line treatment can be electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT). Bilateral ECT is regarded as more effective and produces faster responses [6];
however, it carries a higher risk of retrograde amnesia.
Right unilateral (RUL) (d’Elia placement) ECT, on the other hand, can reduce adverse cognitive
side effects and still be effective [7], especially when administered with the ultra-brief pulse width
of less than 0.5ms [8]. In the geriatric population, this approach should be tried first to minimize
cognitive impairment in the elderly. Although there are many case reports and small prospective
studies showing the effectiveness of ECT treatment for acute catatonia [9], few have demonstrated
the use of ECT for maintenance treatment to prevent catatonia relapse. This case report highlights
the benefit of using ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT as a maintenance treatment.
Case Presentation
Catatonia associated with bipolar depression
A 62-year-old Hispanic woman, who had a history of bipolar I disorder and catatonia, presented to the hospital on March 3rd, 2014, accompanied by her daughter
due to patient’s worsening depression and recurrent catatonia
after stopping outpatient ECT. Her medical conditions included
hypothyroidism and type II diabetes mellitus non-insulin dependent.
She appeared mute and severely depressed with a flat affect consist
of hollow stares. She had striking psychomotor retardation symptom
of slowed movements. She did not follow any verbal commands, did
not respond to any questions, and lacked response to any external
stimuli. According to the daughter who lived with the patient, she
had been getting more and more depressed in the past month. Over
the past week, she began to neglect personal hygiene and isolate away
from her family. She also had difficulties performing activities of daily
living (ADL). The patient had stopped oral intake for a couple of days,
but she was not observed to have any manic or psychotic symptoms,
and did not exhibit any suicidal behavior or expressed any suicidal
ideation. This was a significant decline from her baseline function.
Laboratory findings on electrolytes, urine analysis, complete blood
count, blood glucose, TSH, T4, liver enzyme were all within normal
limits.
Medical staff recognized the patient from a recent admission. Two
months earlier in Jan 2014, the patient presented to the hospital with
a similar presentation of 2-3 days of negativism and declining from
baseline functioning at home. She was hospitalized for catatonia.
During the course of the hospitalization, she was first treated with
high doses of lorazepam, up to 8 mg per day, without an adequate
response. She then received three-times-a-week ultra-brief pulse
RUL ECT’s (0.3 ms pulse width) at 8 times the seizure threshold,
frequency 60 Hz, charge 230 mC. For muscle relaxant and anesthesia,
she got succinylcholine 50 mg, methohexital 80 mg, and propofol
30 mg. Her catatonic symptoms rapidly improved. On discharge,
the patient had a bright affect, was engaged in conversations with
appropriate eye contact, and responded to questions with a soft fluent
speech, adequate PO intake, which were all dramatic improvements
from her initial severe neurovegetative state. Discharge psychotropic
medications were lorazepam 1 mg PO TID, trazodone 50 mg, and
mirtazapine 30 mg PO hs. She was scheduled to receive outpatient
maintenance ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT in the same setting, twice
a week. She received 4 more outpatient treatments; unfortunately,
due to her transportation difficulty, she was unable to continue.
Meanwhile, she remained adherent to her discharge psychotropic
medications, including the lorazepam. Last ECT was on 2/11/14,
three weeks prior to catatonia relapse before she presented to the
hospital again in March. Given her previous rapid response to ECT
and not to lorazepam, she was immediately re-started on ultra-brief
pulse RUL ECT on this admission. The settings were: 8 times seizure
threshold, frequency 90 Hz, pulse width 0.3 ms, charge 345 mC, with succinylcholine 50 mg, methohexital 80 mg and propofol 30 mg for
the muscle relaxant and anesthesia. After 2 treatments, patient’s
condition began to improve. She was starting to respond to questions
and to attend the unit’s group therapy. Of note, her husband passed
away during this hospitalization. Despite this significant emotional
distress, she did not relapse. After a total of 10 ECT treatments and
25 days of hospital stay, patient fully recovered and was discharged
on 3/28/14, with the follow medications: aripiprazole 20 mg PO daily,
levothyroxine 112mcg PO daily, trazodone 50 mg PO hs, mirtazapine
30 mg PO hs and metformin/sitagliptin 1000 mg PO BID. No
laboratory abnormalities were found during her hospital course. The
patient gave consent for release of medical records and agreed for
information to be used for teaching purposes such as in a case report.
She continued with outpatient medications as well as outpatient ECT
follows up. Initially, maintenance ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT was
done once a week. After 3 weeks, the sessions decreased to biweekly
for one month, then to every 3 weeks. She was eventually maintained
on a once a month ECT regiment. She remained symptom-free from
bipolar disorder or catatonia for more than 6 months after discharge.
Symptomatic improvements according to the Quick Inventory
of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) and the Behavior and
Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS24) were recorded, see Table 1.
No significant decline in cognition was observed. In fact, Montreal
Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) prior to starting ECT was 21 out of
30, and after 24 sessions of ultra-brief RUL ECT (combined from
two hospitalizations and outpatient treatments), the MOCA score
improved to 24 out of 30.
Table 1
Figure 1
Figure 2
Discussion
Given the recurrent nature of catatonia and multi-factorial causes
that can result in relapse, effective preventative management is vital.
It is also important not only to treat catatonia, but to address the underlying psychiatric and/or medical condition as well. In this case,
no obvious medical etiologies, other than the patient’s treated baseline
hypothyroidism and diabetes that are both well controlled, could be
contributing to the patient’s cause of catatonia, as evidenced by the
repeated normal laboratory findings throughout hospitalization.
Instead, the above case showed a time-lapsed association between
discontinuation of maintenance ECT and catatonia relapse, despite
oral lorazepam use. Lorazepam was first used to stabilize this patient,
but it was inadequate. Up to 8 mg was used acutely and 1 mg TID
maintenance dose failed to elicit an adequate response in this elderly
patient. There are some catatonic patients who do not respond to
benzodiazepine treatment alone.
On the other hand, response to ECT has been shown to correlate
with symptom duration and severity in bipolar patient [10]. Bipolar
depression may respond to ECT more rapidly and in fewer sessions
than unipolar depression—a response that does not appear to be
secondary to hypomanic induction [11,12]. ECT had the dual effect
of treating both bipolar depression and catatonia. However, once
ECT treatment stops, the majority of relapses from major depression
happen within 6 to 9 weeks [13,14]. Patients with bipolar disorder
are even more prone to relapse especially within the first month of
discontinuing maintenance ECT [15]. In this patient, the relapse
of both bipolar depression and catatonia happened after 3 weeks
of stopping outpatient ECT, and her bipolar depressive symptoms
had preceded the recurrence of catatonia. These points to the need
for continued maintenance ECT treatment to prevent affective
disorder relapse before it progresses in severity, possibly triggering
catatonia. However, utilizing ECT as maintenance treatment for
affective disorders with catatonia remains an area understudied.
ECT has been shown to be a safe treatment in the elderly population
to use [16]. In comparison to bilateral ECT, RUL ECT has better
tolerability, less cognitive side effects, and equal efficacy [7]. Evidence
suggests that ultra-‐
brief pulse RUL ECT can achieve equal rapidity
of response [17], while further reducing cognitive side effects [12].
As seen in this case, the patient did not have any observed cognitive
decline after receiving 24 sessions of ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT.
Assessment of gross cognitive function by MOCA actually showed
improvement, possibly due to the lifting of her depression. This
modality should be considered as a viable long-term option for
prevention. This case report contributes to the accumulating body
of evidence that suggests the efficacy of ultra-brief pulse RUL ECT
as the maintenance treatment to prevent the recurrence of catatonia;
however, it is limited because of the small subject number and
the retrospective none blinding assessment. Although no formal
catatonic scale was administered [18], patient’s initial presentation
met the criteria in DSM-5 for catatonia. The data collected on QIDS
and Basis 24 showed her mental states in correlation with the number
of ECT administered (Figure 1 and 2). After 30 ECT treatments, her
symptoms in all domains were zero except for sleep, which remained
the same. Using MOCA to track her cognitive changes was also
helpful, even though the latest one of her most current state was not
available. Nonetheless, given the lack of literature on this topic and the
gravity of catatonia symptoms and clinical consequences, especially
in the elderly, it’s important to elucidate evidence that supports the
use of maintenance therapy for catatonia prevention. Future study
can focus on investigating systematically the effect of lorazepam and
ECT in preventing catatonia relapse.
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