Case Report
Giant Cell-rich Osteosarcoma in Temporal Bone: Case Report and Literature Review
Guo-Bin Hong1*, Qi-Lan Xu1, Wen-Hao Wu1, Xin-Min Gou2 and Ling-Jing Gu3
1Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
2Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
3Department of Radiology, Ji'nan University, China
*Corresponding author: Guo-Bin Hong, Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
Published: 20 Aug 2016
Cite this article as: Hong G-B, Xu Q-L, Wu W-H, Gou X-M,
Gu L-J. Giant Cell-rich Osteosarcoma
in Temporal Bone: Case Report and
Literature Review. Ann Clin Case Rep.
2016; 1: 1095.
Abstract
Objective: Describe the clinical, imageological, and pathological features of Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma (GCRO), as well as differential diagnosis.
Case Presentation: We describe a 43-year-old patient with temporal bone GCRO who accidentally
noticed a painless hard bump about the size of a finger in the left tempus a year ago. Imageological
examination showed obvious swelling of the temporal bone, dissolving bony destruction, invasive
growth, wide range of involvement, and obvious enhancement of the substantial part of the tumor
(found by enhancement scanning). Pathological studies also revealed a large number of osteoclastlike
giant cells in the background of osteosarcoma.
Conclusion: GCRO can be easily misdiagnosed as GCT, and early diagnosis is very important for
its prognosis. Clinically and imageologically, GCRO has certain characteristics but lacks specificity;
thus, clinical, imageological, and pathological diagnoses should be integrated.
Keywords: Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma (GCRO); Osteosarcoma.
Introduction
Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma (GCRO) is a subtype of common osteosarcoma, which is the most common primary malignant bone tumor [1]. GCRO can be easily misdiagnosed as giant-cell tumor (GCT) in pathology and imageology, and such misdiagnosis results in the loss of the optimal opportunity for treatment [2,3]. Therefore, early diagnosis is critical to GCRO prognosis. GCRO has low incidence [4], and the nine cases of GCRO reported by Bathurst et al. [5] for the first time in 1986 accounted for 3% of the osteosarcoma incidence during that period. GCRO occurs in the long bones of limbs and is extremely rare in skulls [2,6]. In this paper, the case of a 43-year-old patient with temporal bone GCRO was reported. In addition, the clinical, imageological, and pathological features of GCRO, as well as differential diagnosis, were discussed in combination with previous studies.
Case Presentation
Clinical history
The patient was a 43-year-old male who accidentally noticed a painless hard bump about the
size of a finger in the left tempus a year ago and did not seek treatment. A month ago, the bump
progressively grew and was accompanied by occasional dizziness. Physical examination revealed
a local uplift bump in the left tempus felt by hand. The bump had a wide base and no obvious
boundary, was hard and cannot be pushed, was about 3 cm × 4 cm in size, had no surface ulceration,
and was swollen. Laboratory examination revealed that the hemoglobin level was 98.3 g/l. No other
abnormality was found.
Imageological examination
German Siemens Multi-slice spiral CT (Siemens Sensation 16) was used to conduct head CT
plain scan, enhancement, and three-dimensional multiplanar reconstruction (MPR). The CT
scanning parameters were as follows: voltage, 120 kV; electric current, 100 mAs; reconstruction
layer thickness, 2 mm; and layer spacing, 0.8 mm. About 370 mg/ml Iopamiro was used as the
contrast agent for enhancement scanning at a dosage of 1.5 ml/kg and injection flow rate of 3 mL/s,
with flushing by 30 ml of normal saline. Image post-processing was conducted in a Siemens randomworkstation. CT plain scan showed a quasi-round bump in the left tempus that was about 6.3 cm 4.7 cm 5.5 cm, had uneven density, was
dotted, and had mottling low-density lesions. In addition, scattered
dotted high-density calcification or ossification and osteolytic
destruction were observed in the left temporal bone (involving the
latter half of the left zygomatic arch, the left sphenoid wing, and the left
mastoid and structures). The bump progressively grew and invasively
crossed the inner and outer board of the skull. The bump edge showed
visible thinning and an incomplete bony shell without periosteal
reaction. The bump also moved inward into the middle cranial fossa,
causing obvious displacement of the left temporal lobe, compression
of the left lateral ventricle, and right shifting of the midline structure.
Conversely, the bump moved outward causing local uplift of the
left temporal soft tissue. The bump descended into the left temporal
fossa along the left front part of the medial pterygoid. Enhancement
scanning showed obvious continuity and uneven enhancement of the
bump. The median and posterior cerebral arteries of the left brain
were moved, and the anterior, median, and posterior cerebral arteries
of both sides were not invaded (Figure 1). The preoperative diagnosis
was malignant or low-grade malignant tumor in the left tempus,
possibly a meningioma or temporal bone-sourced bone tumor.
Operation
After successful general anesthesia administration, the patient
was asked to be in supine position with head to the right. The arc
incision of the left temporal bone was marked, and the towel was
regularly disinfected and paved. Craniotomy was conducted until
the local bump of the left temporal bone was fully exposed. The
left temporal bone was destroyed, becoming jelly-like and brittle.
The jaw joints and the external auditory canal were eroded, but theendocranium was not destroyed. The tumor boundary was stripped,
and most of the tumor tissues were removed. The tumors around the
temporomandibular joint were retained to reserve functions. After
conducting thorough hemostasis and scalp suturing, an indwelling
drainage tube was placed.
Pathological examination
Intraoperative inspection of grey red and grayish yellow brittle
left temporal bone and tumor tissues with a size of 9 cm 8 cm 1 cm
was conducted. HE staining showed diffuse infiltration of a large
number of polygonal tumor cells, with large tumor cell nucleus,
visible nucleoli, evident pleomorphism, osteoid matrix, and tumor
osteogenesis. A large number of osteoclast-like giant cells were
scattered among the tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed
CD68 (+) and S-100(-) of osteoclast-like giant cells, as well as S-100
(+) and CD68 (-) of mononuclear tumor cells. The pathological
diagnosis was left temporal bone GCRO (Figure 2).
Follow-up visit
The patient received postoperative but not preoperative
chemoradiotherapy. More than 2 years after the operation (May
2012), the patient experienced suppuration with no incentive in
the left ear; accordingly, biopsy and surgery were conducted. The
pathological diagnosis was recurrence of osteosarcoma, so adjuvant
postoperative chemoradiotherapy was conducted. Three years later
(March 20, 2013), head MRI detected tumor relapse (Figure 3), so
radiotherapy and chemotherapy were conducted.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Plain CT and enhancement scans. Plain scan (a) shows quasi-circular bump in the left tempus, with uneven density, dotted and small patchy low-density
lesions, and scattered high-density ossification. Enhancement scan (b–d) shows significant continuous and uneven enhancement of tumor. Bone window (e–f)
shows swelling and osteolytic destruction of lesions, with irregular ossification and a thin, incomplete bony shell.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pathological figure (HE staining and immunohistochemistry). (a) A large number of tumor cells, osteoclast-like giant cells, and a latticed osteoid matrix
(HE staining, 200×). (b) Obvious atypia of tumor cells (HE staining, 400×). (c) Immunohistochemistry results showing multinucleated giant cells CD68 (+) (200×).
(d) Immunohistochemistry results showing tumor cells S-100(+) (200×) scattered.
Discussion
Based on the WHO Classification of Bone Tumor Pathology and
Genetics (2002), GCRO is an unusual osteosarcoma that is a subtype
of normal bone osteosarcoma [1]. GCRO involves the presence
of osteoclast-like giant cells with an abnormal increase in number,
thereby almost disguising the osteosarcoma composition as the tumor
core. GCRO can be easily misdiagnosed as GCT in pathology and
imageology, thereby resulting in the loss of the optimal opportunity
for treatment [2,3,7]. Therefore, early diagnosis is critical to GCRO
prognosis.
According to previous reports, GCRO mostly occurs in
adolescents, especially those under the age of 30. The long bones
of limbs such as femur and tibia are the main pathogenic sites,
and occurrences in the skull are extremely rare [2,6]. Clinically,
GCRO is nonspecific and mainly characterized by local bumps
and progressive pain. Laboratory tests showed increased alkaline
phosphatase. Imageological examinations including X-ray, CT, and
MRI showed that the main symptoms of GCRO were eccentricity
(a few centricities), mild swelling, osteolytic destruction, visible
tumor bone, formation of soft tissue bump in some cases, and
obvious enhancement of the substantial part of tumor (found by
enhancement scanning). Histologically, GCRO on HE dyeing showed
a large number of osteoclast-like giant cells with a background
of osseous osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry examination
showed osteoclast-like giant cells, a small amount of histocytelike
mononuclear CD68(+) cells, abnormal mononuclear cells, and
tumor CD68(-) cells [8]. We reported for the first time a case of
GCRO that occurred in the temporal bone of a 43-year-old male.
This age was higher than the average age reported in literature but
was consistent with the age preference of GCT occurrence. Given
that GCRO has a long course of disease and shows no progressive
pain, no specificity was detected in the laboratory examination. This
finding brought a certain challenge to the early diagnosis of this case.
Imageological examination showed obvious swelling of the temporal
bone, dissolving bony destruction, invasive growth, wide range of
involvement, and obvious enhancement of the substantial part of
the tumor (found by enhancement scanning). Given the dotted
high-density lesions scattered in the tumor, we believed it was the
pathological tumor bone. In this case, no obvious periosteal reaction
was found. The above imageological findings were basically identical
to previous reports. Pathological studies also revealed a large number
of osteoclast-like giant cells in the background of osteosarcoma.
GCRO is treated the same as traditional osteosarcoma, i.e., by
amputating the bone in the tumor segment and by implant surgery,
supported with preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy and
chemotherapy. GCRO prognosis is related to the pathological types
of its background osteosarcoma. For example, if the background is
centricity osteosarcoma, it is deemed to be highly malignant with poor
prognosis. Conversely, if the background is periosteal osteosarcoma,
it is deemed to be less malignant with better prognosis [6].
Differential diagnosis: GCRO should be mainly differentiated from
conventional osteosarcoma and GCT. Key points to differentiation
from conventional osteosarcoma: Imageologically, GCRO mainly
manifests as osteolytic destruction, but the osteogenic tumor and
periosteal reaction are often less obvious than those in conventional
osteosarcoma. Pathologically, GCRO manifests as a large number of
osteoclast-like giant cells in the background of osteosarcoma, whereas
the latter shows no giant cells [6]. Key points to differentiation from
GCT: 1) the onset age of GCRO is those of children and adolescents,
Figure 3
Figure 3
MRI plane and enhancement scans. TIWI scan (a) shows an oval bump shadow in the left tempus, with the center main body showing an uneven slightly
low signal and an equisignal edge. T2WI (b) shows an uneven high signal in central lesions, and the signal of the edge is slightly low. T1WI enhancement (c) shows
the central lesions mostly without enhancement, and the edge is irregular and obviously unevenly enhanced.
Conclusion
GCRO can be easily misdiagnosed as GCT, and early diagnosis is very important for its prognosis. Clinically, GCRO is mainly characterized by local bumps and progressive pain. Imageologically, GCRO is mainly characterized by osteolytic destruction, its tumor osteogenesis and periosteal reaction are often less obvious than those of conventional osteosarcoma, and it is obviously enhanced in enhancement scanning. Pathologically, GCRO is characterized by a large number of osteoclast-like giant cells in the background of osteosarcoma. Clinically and imageologically, GCRO has certain characteristics but lacks specificity; thus, clinical, imageological, and pathological diagnoses should be integrated.
References
- Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of soft tissue and bone. IARC Press. Lyon: 2002, 264–286.
- Verma RK, Gupta G, Bal A, Yadav J. Primary giant cell rich osteosarcoma of maxilla:an unusual case report. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2011; 10: 159- 162.
- Nagata S, Nishimura H, Uchida M, Hayabuchi N, Zenynyou M, Harada H. Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma of the distal femur: radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Radiat Med. 2006; 24: 228-232.
- Gambarotti M, Donato M, Alberghini M, Vanel D. A strange giant cell tumor. Eur J Radiol. 2011; 77: 3-5.
- Bathurst N, Sanerkin N Watt L. Osteoclast rich osteosar-coma. Br J Radiol. 1986; 59: 667-673.
- Wang CS, Yin QH, Liao JS, Lou JH, Ding XY, Zhu YB. Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma in long bones: clinical, radiological and pathological features. Radiol Med. Epub ahead of print. 2013; 118: 1324-1334.
- Fu HH, Zhuang QW, He J, Wang LZ, He Y. Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma or giant cell reparative granuloma of the mandible?. J Craniofac Surg. 2011; 22: 1136–1139.
- Zhang J, Xie Q, Zhang GM. Giant cell-rich osteosarcoma of bone: a case report and review of literature. J Diag Pathol. 2005; 12: 205-207.